Health A-Z

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a complication of diabetes that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It occurs when fluid leaks into the macula, causing swelling and distortion of vision. Here's an overview of its symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, and testing:

1. Blurred or distorted vision: Straight lines may appear wavy, and central vision may be affected.
2. Floaters: Dark spots or strings that seem to float in the vision.
3. Decreased visual acuity: Difficulty seeing fine details or reading small print.
4. Color perception changes: Colors may appear washed out or different.

1. Anti-VEGF injections: Drugs such as aflibercept (Eylea), ranibizumab (Lucentis), and bevacizumab (Avastin) are injected into the eye to block the action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that contributes to abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage in the retina.
2. Steroid injections: Medications like dexamethasone (Ozurdex) or fluocinolone (Iluvien) may be injected into the eye to reduce inflammation and swelling.
3. Laser photocoagulation: This procedure uses a laser to seal leaking blood vessels in the retina and reduce swelling. It's often used in combination with anti-VEGF injections.
4. Intravitreal implants: Devices such as the dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) or fluocinolone implant (Iluvien) can be surgically placed in the eye to continuously release medication over time.
5. Managing underlying diabetes: Controlling blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol through lifestyle changes and medications is crucial in preventing and managing DME.

1. Dilated eye exam: An ophthalmologist or optometrist will use eye drops to dilate the pupils, allowing them to examine the retina and macula for signs of swelling, leakage, or other abnormalities.
2. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This imaging test provides detailed cross-sectional images of the retina, allowing healthcare providers to assess the thickness and integrity of the macula.
3. Fluorescein angiography: This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye into the bloodstream, which highlights blood vessels in the retina. It helps identify areas of leakage and abnormal blood vessel growth.
4. Visual acuity test: This standard eye chart test measures how well you can see at various distances.