Health A-Z

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition that affects children under the age of 16. Here's an overview of its symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis.

1. Joint Pain: Persistent pain in one or more joints, which may worsen with movement or activity.
2. Swelling: Swelling and stiffness in the affected joints, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
3. Warmth and Redness: The affected joints may feel warm to the touch and appear red or inflamed.
4. Limited Range of Motion: Difficulty moving the affected joints fully, leading to decreased flexibility and mobility.
5. Fatigue: Generalized fatigue or tiredness, which may be associated with the underlying inflammation and pain.
6. Fevers and Rashes: Some children with JIA may experience intermittent fevers and develop a rash, particularly in systemic forms of the disease.

1. Medications:
   • Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): These medications help reduce pain and inflammation in the joints.
   • Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): DMARDs such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, or biologic agents may be prescribed to suppress the underlying autoimmune response and prevent joint damage.
   • Corticosteroids: Injections of corticosteroids into affected joints or oral corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation during flare-ups.
2. Physical Therapy: Physical therapy exercises and techniques can help improve joint function, range of motion, and muscle strength.
3. Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapists can provide strategies and adaptations to help children manage daily activities and maintain independence despite joint limitations.
4. Regular Monitoring: Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers are necessary to monitor disease activity, adjust treatment as needed, and assess for potential complications.
5. Lifestyle Modifications: Encouraging a healthy lifestyle with balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and adequate rest can help support overall health and well-being.

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: A healthcare provider will review the child's medical history and perform a thorough physical examination to assess for signs of joint inflammation, stiffness, and other symptoms.
2. Blood Tests: Blood tests may be performed to assess for markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Additionally, tests may be done to rule out other conditions and to assess for antibodies associated with autoimmune diseases.
3. Imaging Studies: X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI scans may be used to evaluate the extent of joint damage and inflammation.