Health A-Z

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys or urinary tract. They can range in size from a tiny grain of sand to a large stone that can block the flow of urine. Here's an overview of the symptoms, treatment plan, and diagnosis testing for kidney stones.

1. Severe Pain: The hallmark symptom of kidney stones is severe pain, often described as one of the most intense types of pain. The pain typically occurs suddenly and may fluctuate in intensity. It often starts in the back or side below the ribs and may radiate to the lower abdomen or groin.
2. Painful Urination: Individuals with kidney stones may experience pain or discomfort while urinating, often described as a burning sensation.
3. Frequent Urination: The urge to urinate may increase, and individuals may pass small amounts of urine frequently.
4. Blood in the Urine: Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is common in people with kidney stones. The urine may appear pink, red, or brownish in color.
5. Nausea and Vomiting: Some people with kidney stones may experience nausea and vomiting, especially if the pain is severe.
6. Fever and Chills: In cases of kidney stone infection (urinary tract infection), individuals may develop fever and chills.

1. Pain Management: Pain relief is a primary goal of treatment for kidney stones. Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be used to alleviate pain. In some cases, stronger prescription pain medications may be necessary.
2. Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids, particularly water, can help flush out kidney stones and prevent new stones from forming. Increasing fluid intake is especially important for individuals with a history of kidney stones.
3. Medications: Depending on the type of kidney stone and underlying factors, medications may be prescribed to help dissolve stones, prevent stone formation, or manage symptoms such as nausea and urinary tract infections.
4. Medical Procedures: If kidney stones do not pass on their own or if complications arise, medical procedures may be necessary to remove or break up the stones. Common procedures include:
   • Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This non-invasive procedure uses shock waves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily in the urine.
   • Ureteroscopy with Laser Lithotripsy: A thin, flexible scope is inserted into the urinary tract to locate and remove or break up kidney stones using a laser.
   • Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): In this surgical procedure, a small incision is made in the back to access the kidney and remove large kidney stones.
   • Ureteral Stent Placement: A stent may be inserted into the ureter to help relieve obstruction caused by a kidney stone and facilitate urine flow.

1. Imaging Studies: Imaging tests such as X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scans are commonly used to diagnose kidney stones and assess their size, location, and number.
2. Urinalysis: Urinalysis can help identify signs of kidney stones, such as blood in the urine or crystals that may indicate stone formation.
3. Blood Tests: Blood tests may be performed to assess kidney function and evaluate for signs of infection or other abnormalities associated with kidney stones.