Health A-Z

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakening bones, making them fragile and more susceptible to fractures. Here's an overview of its symptoms, treatment plans, and diagnostic testing.

1. Bone Fractures: Osteoporosis often doesn't cause symptoms until a fracture occurs. Fractures typically happen in the hip, spine, or wrist and can occur from minor falls or even normal activities like bending or lifting.
2. Back Pain: Compression fractures in the spine can lead to back pain, loss of height, and a stooped posture.
3. Loss of Height: Over time, osteoporosis can lead to a gradual loss in height due to compression fractures in the spine.

1. Medications: Several medications are available to treat osteoporosis. These include bisphosphonates, hormone-related therapy, denosumab, and teriparatide. Each medication works differently to either slow down bone loss or stimulate bone growth.
2. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are essential for maintaining bone health. Supplements may be recommended, especially for individuals who don't get enough through their diet or sunlight exposure.
3. Lifestyle Changes: Regular weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, or strength training, can help strengthen bones. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption is also important, as they can contribute to bone loss.

1. Bone Density Test (DXA scan): This is the most commonly used test for diagnosing osteoporosis. It measures bone mineral density (BMD) at various sites, usually the hip and spine. A T-score is obtained, comparing the patient's BMD to that of a healthy young adult. A T-score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis.
2. FRAX Risk Assessment Tool: This tool calculates the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture or hip fracture based on clinical risk factors and BMD.
3. Blood and Urine Tests: These tests can help identify underlying conditions contributing to bone loss, such as vitamin D deficiency or hyperparathyroidism.