Health A-Z

Underactivity of the parathyroid glands, known as hypoparathyroidism, can lead to various symptoms due to low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body. Here's an overview of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

1. Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium Levels):
   • Numbness or tingling in the fingers, toes, or lips (paresthesias).
   • Muscle cramps or spasms, particularly in the hands and feet.
   • Tetany (muscle twitches or spasms that can be severe).
   • Weakness and fatigue.
2. Bone Symptoms:
   • Bone pain or tenderness.
   • Increased risk of fractures or osteoporosis.
3. Neurological Symptoms:
   • Seizures (in severe cases).
   • Cognitive disturbances, including memory problems or confusion.
   • Mood changes, such as depression or anxiety.
4. Other Symptoms:
   • Dry hair and skin.
   • Brittle nails.
   • Dental problems, including weak enamel and tooth decay.
   • Cardiac arrhythmias (in severe cases).

1. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation:
   • Oral calcium supplements to raise calcium levels in the blood.
   • Active vitamin D (calcitriol or alfacalcidol) to enhance calcium absorption in the intestines.
2. Magnesium Supplementation: Correcting magnesium deficiency if present, as it is essential for proper parathyroid function.
3. Monitoring and Adjustment: Regular monitoring of blood calcium and PTH levels to adjust medication dosages as needed.
4. Lifestyle Modifications: Avoiding high-phosphorus foods and maintaining a balanced diet to support bone health.
5. Treatment of Symptoms: Managing symptoms such as muscle cramps or tetany with medications or lifestyle changes.
6. Long-term Care: Regular follow-up with an endocrinologist or specialist to monitor for complications and adjust treatment as necessary.

1. Blood Tests: Measure levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and PTH in the blood. Low calcium and high phosphorus with low or low-normal PTH levels are indicative of hypoparathyroidism.
2. Urinary Calcium Excretion: Measure calcium levels in urine to assess calcium excretion.
3. Imaging Studies: MRI or ultrasound of the neck to visualize the parathyroid glands and assess for abnormalities.
4. Genetic Testing: Particularly for cases of congenital hypoparathyroidism.