Health A-Z

Giant cell glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of aggressive brain tumor characterized by rapid growth and invasion into surrounding brain tissue. Here's an overview of symptoms, treatment plans, and diagnosis/testing for giant cell glioblastoma multiforme.

1. Headaches: Persistent and severe headaches are a common symptom, often worsening over time.
2. Seizures: Seizures, which may be focal (affecting one part of the body) or generalized, can occur in individuals with GBM.
3. Neurological Deficits: Depending on the location and size of the tumor, symptoms such as weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding language (aphasia), and changes in vision or balance may occur.
4. Cognitive Changes: GBM can affect cognitive function, leading to memory problems, confusion, and personality changes.
5. Nausea and Vomiting: Nausea and vomiting may occur, particularly if the tumor is located in an area that affects the brain's control of nausea and vomiting.

1. Surgery: Surgical resection of the tumor is typically the first-line treatment for GBM whenever feasible. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while preserving neurological function.
2. Radiation Therapy: External beam radiation therapy is often recommended following surgery to target any remaining tumor cells and reduce the risk of tumor recurrence.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy, typically with the drug temozolomide, is usually administered concurrently with radiation therapy and continued as maintenance therapy afterward.
4. Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab (Avastin), may be used in combination with standard treatments for recurrent or unresectable GBM, particularly in cases with specific molecular alterations.
5. Supportive Care: Palliative care and supportive measures, including medications to manage symptoms such as pain and seizures, are important components of GBM treatment to improve quality of life.

1. Neurological Examination: A comprehensive neurological examination is performed to assess cognitive function, sensory and motor function, reflexes, and coordination.
2. Imaging Studies: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosing GBM. It provides detailed images of the brain, allowing visualization of the tumor's location, size, and characteristics.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis of GBM. Tissue samples obtained from the tumor during a biopsy procedure are examined under a microscope by a pathologist to identify characteristic features of GBM, including giant cells and multiforme morphology.
4. Genetic Testing: Genetic testing may be performed on tumor tissue to identify specific molecular alterations, such as mutations in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes, which can help guide treatment decisions and predict prognosis.